Overview

  Introduction

        The relative position of the elements in the periodic table and the periodicity of their major chemical and physical properties are determined by the periodicity in the electronic configuration of the elements' atoms.

        The electrons around the nucleus of an atom are arranged in shells and orbitals, in distinct energy levels.

      The maximal number of electrons in the set of orbitals, defined by the principal quantum number  n = 1, 2, 3, 4 etc., (also known by their spectroscopic designation K, L, M, N, etc., ) is given by the formula   Z _max = 2 x n² and it is presented in table below.    

New quantum numbers postulate     (back to top)

         The  new quantum numbers proposal or postulate is that the electron shells are grouped in levels, and they are defined by the principal quantum number n, or in other words, each level  consists of  two shells.

         The  elements in the shells (two) in the same level, with quantum number n, have similar electronic configurations.

        The new added quantum number for the shell is ns and with this quantum number it is possible to differ the shells in the same level. Each of the electron shells beside the quantum number mark ns is noted by the  letters K, L, M, N, O, P, Q,  and  R   (the same designations as the present ones of the shells),  or the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. They are subdivided  further into subshells according to the values 0, 1, 2, 3 ... of the orbital quantum number. The subshells are further divided into orbitals. Each orbital can contain a maximum  of two electrons.  

        A summary of the quantum numbers and their values is showed  below.                 

                   - principal quantum number          n         from       1       to        n

                   - shell quantum number               n_s        from       1       to      2 x n

                   - orbital  quantum number            l          from       0       to       n-1

                   - magnetic quantum number        m_l       from      - l        to      + l

                   - spin quantum number               m_s       from     -1/2      to     +1/2   

         So the maximal number of electrons in the new defined level with quantum number n is given by the formula  Z_lmax= 4 x n², and the maximal number of electrons in shells with quantum number ns  is given by the formula  Z _smax= 2 x n² . This is presented in the table below.

         The new arrangement of the shells in the levels, as well as the arrangement of the subshells in the shells, according to the new scheme of the quantum numbers and the new subshells designation, are presented in the table below (in  two variants).

A. table - The present subshell  designation  (according to the scheme of the quantum numbers)

B. table -The new subshell  designation  (according to the scheme of the quantum numbers)  

        According to the above mentioned, a table with a review of all quantum numbers of the electrons (size, shape, orientation and spin) is presented on Quantum numbers table. This table is also given in two variants.

Periodic table of the elements    (back to top)

        The table with all present elements on The Periodic Table of Elements is presented, with built up principle, according to the new scheme of the quantum numbers. All necessary symbols of the levels, shells, subshells and the elements, are presented  on the table.  

Electron configuration

        The electron configuration of an atom maight be presented by the number of electrons in each subshell, by the order of filling. 

        The electron occupancy of the subshells of all atoms is as follows: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f, 5s, 5p, 5d, 5f, 5g, ... etc. (The scheme below)

1		1s
2		2s	2p
3		3s	3p	3d
4		4s	4p	4d	4f
5		5s	5p	5d	5f	5g
6		6s	6p	6d	6f	6g	6h
7		7s	7p	7d	7f	7g	7h	7i

        But, according to the experimental spectral data, in the ground state, electron fill the quantum states as: 1s, 2s^, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d ... respectively. (The scheme below)

		1
			2
1s				3
					4
2s		2p				5
							6
3s		3p		3d				7
									8
4s		4p		4d		4f
5s		5p		5d		5f
6s		6p		6d
7s		7p

       With the new scheme of the quantum numbers, the same filling  order of the subshells is enabled, (so that the problem of jumpig is solved during the subshells' filling with the electrons according to the present postulates. This occurs at the filling of element with atom no. 19 Calium, insted of 3d subshell filling, the subshell 4s is filled. The same occurs at the elements with atom no.37 - Rubidium and atom no.55 - Cesium). This is shown on the scheme below in two variants.

1s

1

1s

1

2s

2

2s

2

3s

2p

3

3s

3p

3

4s

3p

4

4s

4p

4

5s

4p

3d

5

5s

5p

5d

5

6s

5p

4d

6

6s

6p

6d

6

7s

6p

5d

4f

7

7s

7p

7d

7f

7

8s

7p

6d

5f

8

8s

8p

8d

8f

8

        According to this on Electronic energy level Diagrame with a maximum number of electrons in each subshell is presented, as well as filling order of the subshells according the present postulates (left) and new postulates (right).

        On Electron configuration 1 ( ideal shape ) and Electron configuration 2  ( accord. spectral data ) a possible electron configuration of neutral atoms in the ground state is presented - according to the new scheme of the quantum principles (numbers). The horizontal designation of the subshells is also in two variants (old and new designation of the subshells). The filling order of the subshells in the shells starts from the lowest orbital quantum number (l = 0)  to the highest (l = 3) or first subsheel s then subshells p, d, and at the end f one. Note: For the element numbers larger then 109 the electron configuration is proposed.

Universal Periodic Table    (back to top)

        If we check the Periodic Table we can see that its form is unlimited from all sides. So if we extend the value of the principal quantum number n by the formula  Z _max = 4 x n² , the maximal number of elements in the Periodic table for higher  n can assume the following values:

        But if we put a reciprocal value of principal quantum number n into the formula, an interesting effects can be obtained. For example:

         If we take into consideration only the mass of the subatomic particles (without spin and elemenatry charge), as basic element for their classification, the following predictions could be made.  

        For the principal quantum number n = 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 ..., there are no discovered elements, so far .  Or maybe they are here,  but not yet recognized. Various types of mesons have been  found and studied, so far,  but not yet adequately classified. For example  K  mesons are good candidates  for quantum number   n = 1/2  because their  mass is about 1/2  of the mass of the proton or the neutron, while for the other quantum numbers n = 1/3, 1/4,1/5, ... mesons with smaller mass as ro, omega, eta or pi mesons will fit.

        A table with added extended values of the principal quantum number n is given on Universal Periodic Table. The name of the table is Universal Periodic Table, as the form of the table is unique, and with simple and unlimited form from all sides, and it might be used as a basis for predications of new elements. All necessary details are given on the table.

        The shape of the table indicates that the table  has also  fractal  form and perhaps it is a segment from a much large table. The table is never-ending on both sides, with elastic form, and it might be opened in fractal form depending on the level of observation with necessary numbers of arrays of the elements or of the elementary particles.

        With the new opened form of the Periodic table maybe there are also other possibilities for new basis of the explanation of many other chemical bondings of the elements, if the postulate for existence of the elements with quantum numbers n=1/2 , 1/3, 1/4,... is correct (orto-para form of the elements, chemical bonding in the molecule diborane - B₂H₆, hydrogen bond in molecule H₂O, element HeII, the theory of positive electric charges called holes, the positive Hall effect of the metal as zinc,Cooper pairs-superconductivity, etc.).        

        So the Universal Periodic Table is not only a base for predication and classification of the elements, but it is also a base for research and systematization of all elementary and complex particles from which all matter is made.

References:

- Ivan Filipovic-Stjepan Lipanovic, OPCA I ANORGASKA KEMIJA I i II deo Skolska knjiga, Zagreb 1985

- Drago Grdenic, MOLEKULI I KRISTALI, Skolska knjiga, Zagreb 1987

- Berkeleyu, KVANTNA FIZIKA, Tehnicka knjiga, Zagreb 1988

- Branko Djuric - Zivoin Culum, Fizika V deo, Naucna knjiga, Beograd 1981

- Stanimir Arsenievic, Opsta i neorganska hemija, Naucna knjiga, Beograd 1983

- Dragisa M. Ivanovic - Vlastimir M. Vucic, Atomska i nuklearna fizika, Naucna knjiga, Beograd 1981

- Dragisa M. Ivanovic, Istorisko filozofska pitanja fizike, Zavod za udjbenike i nastavna sredstva, Beograd 1985

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